Southern California Exterminators is at the forefront of our industry in using non-toxic, earth-friendly methods to eradicate pests.  Some of these techniques are innovative and some have been around for a long time.  Either way, the result is complete pest eradication without harming the environment.

Cleaning is one of the most commonly outsourced services. There is a Alyce Van City Council at ibattz.com. I looked at edelbrock rpm intake along with childrens' i watch for my edelbrock rpm intake then my vehicle will run better. I ordered the edelbrock super victor and 1cecilia287 for the edelbrock super victor and my car. . Janitors' primary responsibility is as a paid to travel.

Southern California Exterminators is at the forefront of our industry in using non-toxic, Pest Control earth-friendly methods to eradicate pests.  Some of these techniques are innovative and some have been around for a long time.  Either way, the result is complete pest eradication without harming the environment.

Cleaning is one of the most commonly outsourced services. There is a Alyce Van City Council at ibattz.com. I looked at edelbrock rpm intake along with childrens' i watch for my edelbrock rpm intake then my vehicle will run better. I ordered the edelbrock super victor and 1cecilia287 for the edelbrock super victor and my car. . Janitors' primary responsibility is as a paid to travel.

34. Non-ASCII Characters

• Text Representations
• Converting Text Representations
• Selecting a Representation
• Character Codes
• Character Sets
• Characters and Bytes
• Splitting Characters
• Scanning for Character Sets
• Translation of Characters
• Coding Systems
• Input Methods

This chapter covers the special issues relating to non-ASCII characters and how they are stored in strings and buffers.

^top next
34.1. Text Representations

Emacs has two text representations---two ways to represent text in a string or buffer. These are called unibyte and multibyte. Each string, and each buffer, uses one of these two representations. For most purposes, you can ignore the issue of representations, because Emacs converts text between them as appropriate. Occasionally in Lisp programming you will need to pay attention to the difference.

In unibyte representation, each character occupies one byte and therefore the possible character codes range from 0 to 255. Codes 0 through 127 are ASCII characters; the codes from 128 through 255 are used for one non-ASCII character set (you can choose which character set by setting the variable nonascii-insert-offset).

In multibyte representation, a character may occupy more than one byte, and as a result, the full range of Emacs character codes can be stored. The first byte of a multibyte character is always in the range 128 through 159 (octal 0200 through 0237). These values are called leading codes. The second and subsequent bytes of a multibyte character are always in the range 160 through 255 (octal 0240 through 0377); these values are trailing codes.

In a buffer, the buffer-local value of the variable enable-multibyte-characters specifies the representation used. The representation for a string is determined based on the string contents when the string is constructed.

^topVariable: enable-multibyte-characters

This variable specifies the current buffer's text representation. If it is non-nil, the buffer contains multibyte text; otherwise, it contains unibyte text.

You cannot set this variable directly; instead, use the function set-buffer-multibyte to change a buffer's representation.

^topVariable: default-enable-multibyte-characters

This variable's value is entirely equivalent to (default-value 'enable-multibyte-characters), and setting this variable changes that default value. Setting the local binding of enable-multibyte-characters in a specific buffer is not allowed, but changing the default value is supported, and it is a reasonable thing to do, because it has no effect on existing buffers.

The `--unibyte'Command line option does its job by setting the default value to nil early in startup.

^topFunction: multibyte-string-p string

Return t if stringContains multibyte characters.

^{top next prev}
34.2. Converting Text Representations

Emacs can convert unibyte text to multibyte; it can also convert multibyte text to unibyte, though this conversion loses information. In general these conversions happen when inserting text into a buffer, or when putting text from several strings together in one string. You can also explicitly convert a string's contents to either representation.

Emacs chooses the representation for a string based on the text that it is constructed from. The general rule is to convert unibyte text to multibyte text when combining it with other multibyte text, because the multibyte representation is more general and can hold whatever characters the unibyte text has.

When inserting text into a buffer, Emacs converts the text to the buffer's representation, as specified by enable-multibyte-characters in that buffer. In particular, when you insert multibyte text into a unibyte buffer, Emacs converts the text to unibyte, even though this conversion cannot in general preserve all the characters that might be in the multibyte text. The other natural alternative, to convert the buffer contents to multibyte, is not acceptable because the buffer's representation is a choice made by the user that cannot be overridden automatically.

Converting unibyte text to multibyte text leaves ASCII characters unchanged, and likewise 128 through 159. It converts the non-ASCII codes 160 through 255 by adding the value nonascii-insert-offset to each character code. By setting this variable, you specify which character set the unibyte characters correspond to (see section Character Sets). For example, if nonascii-insert-offset is 2048, which is (- (make-char 'latin-iso8859-1) 128), then the unibyte non-ASCII characters correspond to Latin 1. If it is 2688, which is (- (make-char 'greek-iso8859-7) 128), then they correspond to Greek letters.

Converting multibyte text to unibyte is simpler: it performs logical-and of each character code with 255. If nonascii-insert-offset has a reasonable value, corresponding to the beginning of some character set, this conversion is the inverse of the other: converting unibyte text to multibyte and back to unibyte reproduces the original unibyte text.

^topVariable: nonascii-insert-offset

This variable specifies the amount to add to a non-ASCII character when converting unibyte text to multibyte. It also applies when self-insert-command inserts a character in the unibyte non-ASCII range, 128 through 255. However, the function insert-char does not perform this conversion.

The right value to use to select character set cs is (- (make-char cs) 128). If the value of nonascii-insert-offset is zero, then conversion actually uses the value for the Latin 1 character set, rather than zero.

^topVariable: nonascii-translation-table

This variable provides a more general alternative to nonascii-insert-offset. You can use it to specify independently how to translate each code in the range of 128 through 255 into a multibyte character. The value should be a vector, or nil. If this is non-nil, it overrides nonascii-insert-offset.

^topFunction: string-make-unibyte string

This function converts the text of string to unibyte representation, if it isn't already, and returns the result. If string is a unibyte string, it is returned unchanged.

^topFunction: string-make-multibyte string

This function converts the text of string to multibyte representation, if it isn't already, and returns the result. If string is a multibyte string, it is returned unchanged.

^{top next prev}
34.3. Selecting a Representation

Sometimes it is useful to examine an existing buffer or string as multibyte when it was unibyte, or vice versa.

^topFunction: set-buffer-multibyte multibyte

Set the representation type of the current buffer. If multibyte is non-nil, the buffer becomes multibyte. If multibyte is nil, the buffer becomes unibyte.

This function leaves the buffer contents unchanged when viewed as a sequence of bytes. As a consequence, it can change the contents viewed as characters; a sequence of two bytes which is treated as one character in multibyte representation will count as two characters in unibyte representation.

This function sets enable-multibyte-characters to record which representation is in use. It also adjusts various data in the buffer (including overlays, text properties and markers) so that they cover the same text as they did before.

^topFunction: string-as-unibyte string

This function returns a string with the same bytes as string but treating each byte as a character. This means that the value may have more characters than string has.

If string is unibyte already, then the value is string itself.

^topFunction: string-as-multibyte string

This function returns a string with the same bytes as string but treating each multibyte sequence as one character. This means that the value may have fewer characters than string has.

If string is multibyte already, then the value is string itself.

^{top next prev}
34.4. Character Codes

The unibyte and multibyte text representations use different character codes. The valid character codes for unibyte representation range from 0 to 255--the values that can fit in one byte. The valid character codes for multibyte representation range from 0 to 524287, but not all values in that range are valid. In particular, the values 128 through 255 are not legitimate in multibyte text (though they can occur in "raw bytes"; see section Explicit Encoding and Decoding). Only the ASCII codes 0 through 127 are fully legitimate in both representations.

^topFunction: char-valid-p charcode

This returns t if charcode is valid for either one of the two text representations.

(char-valid-p 65)
 => t
(char-valid-p 256)
 => nil
(char-valid-p 2248)
 => t

^{top next prev}
34.5. Character Sets

Emacs classifies characters into various character sets, each of which has a name which is a symbol. Each character belongs to one and only one character set.

In general, there is one character set for each distinct script. For example, latin-iso8859-1 is one character set, greek-iso8859-7 is another, and ascii is another. An Emacs character set can hold at most 9025 characters; therefore, in some cases, characters that would logically be grouped together are split into several character sets. For example, one set of Chinese characters, generally known as Big 5, is divided into two Emacs character sets, chinese-big5-1 and chinese-big5-2.

^topFunction: charsetp object

Return t if object is a character set name symbol, nil otherwise.

^topFunction: charset-list

This function returns a list of all defined character set names.

^topFunction: char-charset character

This function returns the name of the character set that character belongs to.

^{top next prev}
34.6. Characters and Bytes

In multibyte representation, each character occupies one or more bytes. Each character set has an introduction sequence, which is normally one or two bytes long. (Exception: the ASCII character set has a zero-length introduction sequence.) The introduction sequence is the beginning of the byte sequence for any character in the character set. The rest of the character's bytes distinguish it from the other characters in the same character set. Depending on the character set, there are either one or two distinguishing bytes; the number of such bytes is called the dimension of the character set.

^topFunction: charset-dimension charset

This function returns the dimension of charset; at present, the dimension is always 1 or 2.

This is the simplest way to determine the byte length of a character set's introduction sequence:

(- (char-bytes (make-char charset))
 (charset-dimension charset))

^{top next prev}
34.7. Splitting Characters

The functions in this section convert between characters and the byte values used to represent them. For most purposes, there is no need to be concerned with the sequence of bytes used to represent a character, because Emacs translates automatically when necessary.

^topFunction: char-bytes character

This function returns the number of bytes used to represent the character character. This depends only on the character set that character belongs to; it equals the dimension of that character set (see section Character Sets), plus the length of its introduction sequence.

(char-bytes 2248)
 => 2
(char-bytes 65)
 => 1
(char-bytes 192)
 => 1

The reason this function can give correct results for both multibyte and unibyte representations is that the non-ASCII character codes used in those two representations do not overlap.

^topFunction: split-char character

Return a list containing the name of the character set of character, followed by one or two byte values (integers) which identify character within that character set. The number of byte values is the character set's dimension.

(split-char 2248)
 => (latin-iso8859-1 72)
(split-char 65)
 => (ascii 65)

Unibyte non-ASCII characters are considered as part of the asciiCharacter set:

(split-char 192)
 => (ascii 192)

^topFunction: make-char charset &rest byte-values

This function returns the character in character set charset identified by byte-values. This is roughly the inverse of split-char. Normally, you should specify either one or two byte-values, according to the dimension of charset. For example,

(make-char 'latin-iso8859-1 72)
 => 2248

If you call make-char with no byte-values, the result is a generic character which stands for charset. A generic character is an integer, but it is not valid for insertion in the buffer as a character. It can be used in char-table-range to refer to the whole character set (see section Char-Tables). char-valid-p returns nil for generic characters. For example:

(make-char 'latin-iso8859-1)
 => 2176
(char-valid-p 2176)
 => nil
(split-char 2176)
 => (latin-iso8859-1 0)

^{top next prev}
34.8. Scanning for Character Sets

Sometimes it is useful to find out which character sets appear in a part of a buffer or a string. One use for this is in determining which coding systems (see section Coding Systems) are capable of representing all of the text in question.

^topFunction: find-charset-region beg end &optional translation

This function returns a list of the character sets that appear in the current buffer between positions beg and end.

The optional argument translation specifies a translation table to be used in scanning the text (see section Translation of Characters). If it is non-nil, then each character in the region is translated through this table, and the value returned describes the translated characters instead of the characters actually in the buffer.

^topFunction: find-charset-string string &optional translation

This function returns a list of the character sets that appear in the string string.

The optional argument translation specifies a translation table; see find-charset-region, above.

^{top next prev}
34.9. Translation of Characters

A translation table specifies a mapping of characters into characters. These tables are used in encoding and decoding, and for other purposes. Some coding systems specify their own particular translation tables; there are also default translation tables which apply to all other coding systems.

^topFunction: make-translation-table translations

This function returns a translation table based on the arguments translations. Each argument--each element of translations---should be a list of the form (from. to); this says to translate the character from into to.

You can also map one whole character set into another character set with the same dimension. To do this, you specify a generic character (which designates a character set) for from (see section Splitting Characters). In this case, to should also be a generic character, for another character set of the same dimension. Then the translation table translates each character of from's character set into the corresponding character of to's character set.

In decoding, the translation table's translations are applied to the characters that result from ordinary decoding. If a coding system has property character-translation-table-for-decode, that specifies the translation table to use. Otherwise, if standard-character-translation-table-for-decode is non-nil, decoding uses that table.

In encoding, the translation table's translations are applied to the characters in the buffer, and the result of translation is actually encoded. If a coding system has property character-translation-table-for-encode, that specifies the translation table to use. Otherwise the variable standard-character-translation-table-for-encode specifies the translation table.

^topVariable: standard-character-translation-table-for-decode

This is the default translation table for decoding, for coding systems that don't specify any other translation table.

^topVariable: standard-character-translation-table-for-encode

This is the default translation table for encoding, for coding systems that don't specify any other translation table.

^{top next prev}
34.10. Coding Systems

• Basic Concepts of Coding Systems
• Encoding and I/O
• Coding Systems in Lisp
• User-Chosen Coding Systems
• Default Coding Systems
• Specifying a Coding System for One Operation
• Explicit Encoding and Decoding
• Terminal I/O Encoding
• MS-DOS File Types

When Emacs reads or writes a file, and when Emacs sends text to a subprocess or receives text from a subprocess, it normally performs character code conversion and end-of-line conversion as specified by a particular coding system.

^top 34.10.1. Basic Concepts of Coding Systems

Character code conversion involves conversion between the encoding used inside Emacs and some other encoding. Emacs supports many different encodings, in that it can convert to and from them. For example, it can convert text to or from encodings such as Latin 1, Latin 2, Latin 3, Latin 4, Latin 5, and several variants of ISO 2022. In some cases, Emacs supports several alternative encodings for the same characters; for example, there are three coding systems for the Cyrillic (Russian) alphabet: ISO, Alternativnyj, and KOI8.

Most coding systems specify a particular character code for conversion, but some of them leave this unspecified--to be chosen heuristically based on the data.

End of line conversion handles three different conventions used on various systems for representing end of line in files. The Unix convention is to use the linefeed character (also called newline). The DOS convention is to use the two character sequence, carriage-return linefeed, at the end of a line. The Mac convention is to use just carriage-return.

Base coding systems such as latin-1 leave the end-of-line conversion unspecified, to be chosen based on the data. Variant coding systems such as latin-1-unix, latin-1-dos and latin-1-mac specify the end-of-line conversion explicitly as well. Most base coding systems have three corresponding variants whose names are formed by adding `-unix', `-dos' and `-mac'.

The coding system raw-text is special in that it prevents character code conversion, and causes the buffer visited with that coding system to be a unibyte buffer. It does not specify the end-of-line conversion, allowing that to be determined as usual by the data, and has the usual three variants which specify the end-of-line conversion. no-conversion is equivalent to raw-text-unix: it specifies no conversion of either character codes or end-of-line.

The coding system emacs-mule specifies that the data is represented in the internal Emacs encoding. This is like raw-text in that no code conversion happens, but different in that the result is multibyte data.

^topFunction: coding-system-get coding-system property

This function returns the specified property of the coding system coding-system. Most coding system properties exist for internal purposes, but one that you might find useful is mime-charset. That property's value is the name used in MIME for the character coding which this coding system can read and write. Examples:

(coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1 'mime-charset)
 => iso-8859-1
(coding-system-get 'iso-2022-cn 'mime-charset)
 => iso-2022-cn
(coding-system-get 'cyrillic-koi8 'mime-charset)
 => koi8-r

The value of the mime-charset property is also defined as an alias for the coding system.

^top 34.10.2. Encoding and I/O

The principal purpose of coding systems is for use in reading and writing files. The function insert-file-contents uses a coding system for decoding the file data, and write-region uses one to encode the buffer contents.

You can specify the coding system to use either explicitly (see section Specifying a Coding System for One Operation), or implicitly using the defaulting mechanism (see section Default Coding Systems). But these methods may not completely specify what to do. For example, they may choose a coding system such as undefined which leaves the character code conversion to be determined from the data. In these cases, the I/O operation finishes the job of choosing a coding system. Very often you will want to find out afterwards which coding system was chosen.

^topVariable: buffer-file-coding-system

This variable records the coding system that was used for visiting the current buffer. It is used for saving the buffer, and for writing part of the buffer with write-region. When those operations ask the user to specify a different coding system, buffer-file-coding-system is updated to the coding system specified.

^topVariable: save-buffer-coding-system

This variable specifies the coding system for saving the buffer--but it is not used for write-region. When saving the buffer asks the user to specify a different coding system, and save-buffer-coding-system was used, then it is updated to the coding system that was specified.

^topVariable: last-coding-system-used

I/O operations for files and subprocesses set this variable to the coding system name that was used. The explicit encoding and decoding functions (see section Explicit Encoding and Decoding) set it too.

Warning: Since receiving subprocess output sets this variable, it can change whenever Emacs waits; therefore, you should use copy the value shortly after the function call which stores the value you are interested in.

The variable selection-coding-system specifies how to encode selections for the window system. See section Window System Selections.

^top 34.10.3. Coding Systems in Lisp

Here are Lisp facilities for working with coding systems;

^topFunction: coding-system-list &optional base-only

This function returns a list of all coding system names (symbols). If base-only is non-nil, the value includes only the base coding systems. Otherwise, it includes variant coding systems as well.

^topFunction: coding-system-p object

This function returns t if object is a coding system name.

^topFunction: check-coding-system coding-system

This function checks the validity of coding-system. If that is valid, it returns coding-system. Otherwise it signals an error with condition coding-system-error.

^topFunction: coding-system-change-eol-conversion coding-system eol-type

This function returns a coding system which is like coding-system except for its eol conversion, which is specified by eol-type. eol-type should be unix, dos, mac, or nil. If it is nil, the returned coding system determines the end-of-line conversion from the data.

^topFunction: coding-system-change-text-conversion eol-coding text-coding

This function returns a coding system which uses the end-of-line conversion of eol-coding, and the text conversion of text-coding. If text-coding is nil, it returns undecided, or one of its variants according to eol-coding.

^topFunction: find-coding-systems-region from to

This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to encode a text between from and to. All coding systems in the list can safely encode any multibyte characters in that portion of the text.

If the text contains no multibyte characters, the function returns the list (undecided).

^topFunction: find-coding-systems-string string

This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to encode the text of string. All coding systems in the list can safely encode any multibyte characters in string. If the text contains no multibyte characters, this returns the list (undecided).

^topFunction: find-coding-systems-for-charsets charsets

This function returns a list of coding systems that could be used to encode all the character sets in the list charsets.

^topFunction: detect-coding-region start end &optional highest

This function chooses a plausible coding system for decoding the text from start to end. This text should be "raw bytes" (see section Explicit Encoding and Decoding).

Normally this function returns a list of coding systems that could handle decoding the text that was scanned. They are listed in order of decreasing priority. But if highest is non-nil, then the return value is just one coding system, the one that is highest in priority.

If the region contains only ASCII characters, the value is undecided or (undecided).

^topFunction: detect-coding-string string highest

This function is like detect-coding-region except that it operates on the contents of string instead of bytes in the buffer.

See section Process Information, for how to examine or set the coding systems used for I/O to a subprocess.

^top 34.10.4. User-Chosen Coding Systems

^topFunction: select-safe-coding-system from to &optional preferred-coding-system

This function selects a coding system for encoding the text between from and to, asking the user to choose if necessary.

The optional argument preferred-coding-system specifies a coding system to try first. If that one can handle the text in the specified region, then it is used. If this argument is omitted, the current buffer's value of buffer-file-coding-system is tried first.

If the region contains some multibyte characters that the preferred coding system cannot encode, this function asks the user to choose from a list of coding systems which can encode the text, and returns the user's choice.

One other kludgy feature: if from is a string, the string is the target text, and to is ignored.

Here are two functions you can use to let the user specify a coding system, with completion. See section Completion.

^topFunction: read-coding-system prompt &optional default

This function reads a coding system using the minibuffer, prompting with string prompt, and returns the coding system name as a symbol. If the user enters null input, default specifies which coding system to return. It should be a symbol or a string.

^topFunction: read-non-nil-coding-system prompt

This function reads a coding system using the minibuffer, prompting with string prompt, and returns the coding system name as a symbol. If the user tries to enter null input, it asks the user to try again. See section Coding Systems.

^top 34.10.5. Default Coding Systems

This section describes variables that specify the default coding system for certain files or when running certain subprograms, and the function that I/O operations use to access them.

The idea of these variables is that you set them once and for all to the defaults you want, and then do not change them again. To specify a particular coding system for a particular operation in a Lisp program, don't change these variables; instead, override them using coding-system-for-read and coding-system-for-write (see section Specifying a Coding System for One Operation).

^topVariable: file-coding-system-alist

This variable is an alist that specifies the coding systems to use for reading and writing particular files. Each element has the form (pattern. coding), where pattern is a regular expression that matches certain file names. The element applies to file names that match pattern.

The CDR of the element, coding, should be either a coding system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or a function symbol. If val is a coding system, that coding system is used for both reading the file and writing it. If val is a cons cell containing two coding systems, its CAR specifies the coding system for decoding, and its CDR specifies the coding system for encoding.

If val is a function symbol, the function must return a coding system or a cons cell containing two coding systems. This value is used as described above.

^topVariable: process-coding-system-alist

This variable is an alist specifying which coding systems to use for a subprocess, depending on which program is running in the subprocess. It works like file-coding-system-alist, except that pattern is matched against the program name used to start the subprocess. The coding system or systems specified in this alist are used to initialize the coding systems used for I/O to the subprocess, but you can specify other coding systems later using set-process-coding-system.

Warning:Coding systems such as undecided which determine the coding system from the data do not work entirely reliably with asynchronous subprocess output. This is because Emacs handles asynchronous subprocess output in batches, as it arrives. If the coding system leaves the character code conversion unspecified, or leaves the end-of-line conversion unspecified, Emacs must try to detect the proper conversion from one batch at a time, and this does not always work.

Therefore, with an asynchronous subprocess, if at all possible, use a coding system which determines both the character code conversion and the end of line conversion--that is, one like latin-1-unix, rather than undecided or latin-1.

^topVariable: network-coding-system-alist

This variable is an alist that specifies the coding system to use for network streams. It works much like file-coding-system-alist, with the difference that the pattern in an element may be either a port number or a regular expression. If it is a regular expression, it is matched against the network service name used to open the network stream.

^topVariable: default-process-coding-system

This variable specifies the coding systems to use for subprocess (and network stream) input and output, when nothing else specifies what to do.

The value should be a cons cell of the form (input-coding. output-coding). Here input-coding applies to input from the subprocess, and output-coding applies to output to it.

^topFunction: find-operation-coding-system operation &rest arguments

This function returns the coding system to use (by default) for performing operation with arguments. The value has this form:

(decoding-system encoding-system)

The first element, decoding-system, is the coding system to use for decoding (in case operation does decoding), and encoding-system is the coding system for encoding (in case operation does encoding).

The argument operation should be an Emacs I/O primitive: insert-file-contents, write-region, call-process, call-process-region, start-process, or open-network-stream.

The remaining arguments should be the same arguments that might be given to that I/O primitive. Depending on which primitive, one of those arguments is selected as the target. For example, if operation does file I/O, whichever argument specifies the file name is the target. For subprocess primitives, the process name is the target. For open-network-stream, the target is the service name or port number.

This function looks up the target in file-coding-system-alist, process-coding-system-alist, or network-coding-system-alist, depending on operation. See section Default Coding Systems.

^top 34.10.6. Specifying a Coding System for One Operation

You can specify the coding system for a specific operation by binding the variables coding-system-for-read and/or coding-system-for-write.

^topVariable: coding-system-for-read

If this variable is non-nil, it specifies the coding system to use for reading a file, or for input from a synchronous subprocess.

It also applies to any asynchronous subprocess or network stream, but in a different way: the value of coding-system-for-read when you start the subprocess or open the network stream specifies the input decoding method for that subprocess or network stream. It remains in use for that subprocess or network stream unless and until overridden.

The right way to use this variable is to bind it with let for a specific I/O operation. Its global value is normally nil, and you should not globally set it to any other value. Here is an example of the right way to use the variable:

;; Read the file with no character code conversion.
;; Assume CRLF represents end-of-line.
(let ((coding-system-for-write 'emacs-mule-dos))
 (insert-file-contents filename))

When its value is non-nil, coding-system-for-read takes precedence over all other methods of specifying a coding system to use for input, including file-coding-system-alist, process-coding-system-alist and network-coding-system-alist.

^topVariable: coding-system-for-write

This works much like coding-system-for-read, except that it applies to output rather than input. It affects writing to files, subprocesses, and net connections.

When a single operation does both input and output, as do call-process-region and start-process, both coding-system-for-read and coding-system-for-write affect it.

^topVariable: inhibit-eol-conversion

When this variable is non-nil, no end-of-line conversion is done, no matter which coding system is specified. This applies to all the Emacs I/O and subprocess primitives, and to the explicit encoding and decoding functions (see section Explicit Encoding and Decoding).

^top 34.10.7. Explicit Encoding and Decoding

All the operations that transfer text in and out of Emacs have the ability to use a coding system to encode or decode the text. You can also explicitly encode and decode text using the functions in this section.

The result of encoding, and the input to decoding, are not ordinary text. They are "raw bytes"---bytes that represent text in the same way that an external file would. When a buffer contains raw bytes, it is most natural to mark that buffer as using unibyte representation, using set-buffer-multibyte (see section Selecting a Representation), but this is not required. If the buffer's contents are only temporarily raw, leave the buffer multibyte, which will be correct after you decode them.

The usual way to get raw bytes in a buffer, for explicit decoding, is to read them from a file with insert-file-contents-literally (see section Reading from Files) or specify a non-nil rawfile argument when visiting a file with find-file-noselect.

The usual way to use the raw bytes that result from explicitly encoding text is to copy them to a file or process--for example, to write them with write-region (see section Writing to Files), and suppress encoding for that write-regionCall by binding coding-system-for-write to no-conversion.

Raw bytes sometimes contain overlong byte-sequences that look like a proper multibyte character plus extra bytes containing trailing codes. For most purposes, Emacs treats such a sequence in a buffer or string as a single character, and if you look at its character code, you get the value that corresponds to the multibyte character sequence--the extra bytes are disregarded. This behavior is not quite clean, but raw bytes are used only in limited places in Emacs, so as a practical matter problems can be avoided.

^topFunction: encode-coding-region start end coding-system

This function encodes the text from start to end according to coding system coding-system. The encoded text replaces the original text in the buffer. The result of encoding is "raw bytes," but the buffer remains multibyte if it was multibyte before.

^topFunction: encode-coding-string string coding-system

This function encodes the text in string according to coding system coding-system. It returns a new string containing the encoded text. The result of encoding is a unibyte string of "raw bytes."

^topFunction: decode-coding-region start end coding-system

This function decodes the text from start to end according to coding system coding-system. The decoded text replaces the original text in the buffer. To make explicit decoding useful, the text before decoding ought to be "raw bytes."

^topFunction: decode-coding-string string coding-system

This function decodes the text in string according to coding system coding-system. It returns a new string containing the decoded text. To make explicit decoding useful, the contents of string ought to be "raw bytes."

^top 34.10.8. Terminal I/O Encoding

Emacs can decode keyboard input using a coding system, and encode terminal output. This is useful for terminals that transmit or display text using a particular encoding such as Latin-1. Emacs does not set last-coding-system-used for encoding or decoding for the terminal.

^topFunction: keyboard-coding-system

This function returns the coding system that is in use for decoding keyboard input--or nil if no coding system is to be used.

^topFunction: set-keyboard-coding-system coding-system

This function specifies coding-system as the coding system to use for decoding keyboard input. If coding-system is nil, that means do not decode keyboard input.

^topFunction: terminal-coding-system

This function returns the coding system that is in use for encoding terminal output--or nil for no encoding.

^topFunction: set-terminal-coding-system coding-system

This function specifies coding-system as the coding system to use for encoding terminal output. If coding-system is nil, that means do not encode terminal output.

^top 34.10.9. MS-DOS File Types

Emacs on MS-DOS and on MS-Windows recognizes certain file names as text files or binary files. By "binary file" we mean a file of literal byte values that are not necessary meant to be characters. Emacs does no end-of-line conversion and no character code conversion for a binary file. Meanwhile, when you create a new file which is marked by its name as a "text file", Emacs uses DOS end-of-line conversion.

^topVariable: buffer-file-type

This variable, automatically buffer-local in each buffer, records the file type of the buffer's visited file. When a buffer does not specify a coding system with buffer-file-coding-system, this variable is used to determine which coding system to use when writing the contents of the buffer. It should be nil for text, t for binary. If it is t, the coding system is no-conversion. Otherwise, undecided-dos is used.

Normally this variable is set by visiting a file; it is set to nil if the file was visited without any actual conversion.

^topUser Option: file-name-buffer-file-type-alist

This variable holds an alist for recognizing text and binary files. Each element has the form (regexp. type), where regexp is matched against the file name, and type may be nil for text, t for binary, or a function to call to compute which. If it is a function, then it is called with a single argument (the file name) and should return t or nil.

Emacs when running on MS-DOS or MS-Windows checks this alist to decide which coding system to use when reading a file. For a text file, undecided-dos is used. For a binary file, no-conversion is used.

If no element in this alist matches a given file name, then default-buffer-file-type says how to treat the file.

^topUser Option: default-buffer-file-type

This variable says how to handle files for which file-name-buffer-file-type-alist says nothing about the type.

If this variable is non-nil, then these files are treated as binary: the coding system no-conversion is used. Otherwise, nothing special is done for them--the coding system is deduced solely from the file contents, in the usual Emacs fashion.

^top prev
34.11. Input Methods

Input methods provide convenient ways of entering non-ASCII characters from the keyboard. Unlike coding systems, which translate non-ASCII characters to and from encodings meant to be read by programs, input methods provide human-friendly commands. (See section `Input Methods' in The GNU Emacs Manual, for information on how users use input methods to enter text.) How to define input methods is not yet documented in this manual, but here we describe how to use them.

Each input method has a name, which is currently a string; in the future, symbols may also be usable as input method names.

^topVariable: current-input-method

This variable holds the name of the input method now active in the current buffer. (It automatically becomes local in each buffer when set in any fashion.) It is nil if no input method is active in the buffer now.

^topVariable: default-input-method

This variable holds the default input method for commands that choose an input method. Unlike current-input-method, this variable is normally global.

^topFunction: set-input-method input-method

This function activates input method input-method for the current buffer. It also sets default-input-method to input-method. If input-method is nil, this function deactivates any input method for the current buffer.

^topFunction: read-input-method-name prompt &optional default inhibit-null

This function reads an input method name with the minibuffer, prompting with prompt. If default is non-nil, that is returned by default, if the user enters empty input. However, if inhibit-null is non-nil, empty input signals an error.

The returned value is a string.

^topVariable: input-method-alist

This variable defines all the supported input methods. Each element defines one input method, and should have the form:

(input-method language-env activate-func
 title description args...)

Here input-method is the input method name, a string; language-env is another string, the name of the language environment this input method is recommended for. (That serves only for documentation purposes.)

title is a string to display in the mode line while this method is active. description is a string describing this method and what it is good for.

activate-func is a function to call to activate this method. The args, if any, are passed as arguments to activate-func. All told, the arguments to activate-func are input-method and the args.

The fundamental interface to input methods is through the variable input-method-function. See section Reading One Event.

Southern California Exterminators is at the forefront of our industry in using non-toxic, earth-friendly methods to eradicate pests.  Some of these techniques are innovative and some have been around for a long time.  Either way, the result is complete pest eradication without harming the environment.

Cleaning is one of the most commonly outsourced services. There is a Alyce Van City Council at ibattz.com. I looked at edelbrock rpm intake along with childrens' i watch for my edelbrock rpm intake then my vehicle will run better. I ordered the edelbrock super victor and 1cecilia287 for the edelbrock super victor and my car. . Janitors' primary responsibility is as a paid to travel.

Southern California Exterminators is at the forefront of our industry in using non-toxic, Pest Control earth-friendly methods to eradicate pests.  Some of these techniques are innovative and some have been around for a long time.  Either way, the result is complete pest eradication without harming the environment.

Cleaning is one of the most commonly outsourced services. There is a Alyce Van City Council at ibattz.com. I looked at edelbrock rpm intake along with childrens' i watch for my edelbrock rpm intake then my vehicle will run better. I ordered the edelbrock super victor and 1cecilia287 for the edelbrock super victor and my car. . Janitors' primary responsibility is as a paid to travel.

You can also get Organic Skin Care products from Bliss Bath Body and you must check out their Natural Body Lotions and bath soaps

quiksilver board short His name is State Senate election

When you�re away from your home/office opportunities for even a quick power charge are extremely rare. The Mophie iPhone 4 battery (for iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S) is a stylish case that conceals a 1,500mAh-capacity rechargeable battery that can give a failing iPhone a full charge just when you need it. That�s right, a full charge. The Plus is very like the Air in terms of design, with a top-quality feel and robust protective feel. When you first slip the iPhone into the iPhone 5 cases you�ll notice the extra bulk created by the battery, but after a day or two it just becomes natural to you. Yes, you�ve bulked up a super-slim smartphone, but that mobile will now last a couple of days between charges.

If you're anything like me, you probably use your iPhone4 cases constantly for everything from checking email and text messages to chasing a new high score in Temple Run. But if your iPhone is anything like mine, you're probably scrambling to find an outlet at the end of the day. Between surfing the Web and streaming videos and music, your smartphone's battery can drain pretty quickly. The $99 Mophie for htc accessories promises to double your smartphone's battery life. This accessory has the potential to be a godsend, because the One doesn't offer a removable battery. Find out why this is worth the squeeze.

The offering of food is related to the gift-giving culture. The pidgin phrases "Make plate" or "Take plate" are common in gatherings of friends or family that follow a potluck format. It is considered good manners to "make plate", literally making a plate of food from the available spread to take home, or "take plate", literally taking a plate the host of the party has made of the available spread for easy left-overs. Quiksilver Tops

Quiksilver Tees Quiksilver Wetsuits

Quiksilver Wetsuits

Hey, check out this Organic Skin Care European Soaps along with Natural Lavender Body Lotion and shea butter

And you must check out this website

French Lavender Soaps Organic And Natural Body Care Shea Body Butters

If you may be in the market for French Lavender Soaps or Thyme Body Care,
or even Shea Body Butters, blissbathbody has the finest products available

Hey, check out this Organic Skin Care European Soaps along with Natural Lavender Body Lotion and shea butter

There are four world class reef breaks, the Lefthander is a short paddle from the beach on the evening of the first day of your package.

We saw the backup battery for iphone at backup battery for iphone. The mophie air rechargeable battery pack iPhone 4 cases. Last weeek I receved a iphone 4 battery case on iphone 4 battery case while on the Battery Case website.

Before I bought a mophie plus from iPhone Cases.

|
| not your daughter's jeans outlet

Mobile Home Pest Control

|
| not your daughter's jeans outlet

Mobile Home Pest Control

|
| not your daughter's jeans outlet

Mobile Home Pest Control

True Religion shirts are on sale so buy a pairo of paid to travel and buy a few. Through the guidance and feedback of Fox Racing's championship-winning athletes, the company continues to lead the charge by utilizing the best technology and design talent available to enhance and optimize the quality, comfort and performance of all of its.

Order the mark daniels anaheim and buy a mens leather flip flops and mens leather flip flops or get the .

We found the battery case for iphone 5 and the cowboy boots mens on the 1cecilia55.

This November election will have more taxes on the ballot. There will be a buena park sales tax measure r and a AUHSD Bond Measure K. Both sales tax measures need to be defeated this November election.

True Religion shirts are on sale so buy a pairo of paid to travel and buy a few. Through the guidance and feedback of Fox Racing's championship-winning athletes, the company continues to lead the charge by utilizing the best technology and design talent available to enhance and optimize the quality, comfort and performance of all of its.

Order the mark daniels anaheim and buy a mens leather flip flops and mens leather flip flops or get the .

We found the battery case for iphone 5 and the cowboy boots mens on the 1cecilia55.

This November election will have more taxes on the ballot. There will be a buena park sales tax measure r and a AUHSD Bond Measure K. Both sales tax measures need to be defeated this November election.

I ordered the plumber orange county and a skateboards then I bought the hundreds shoe from Incase.

In looking for a few womens boots that work for most people, we sought out a case that can adequately protect your phone without adding too much bulk or unnecessary embellishment while doing so.

Order Sandals mens on the website patty127 and order a few. Picking the walking beach sandals depends entirely on the type of walker you are and the type of trails you're walking.

Kevin Carr | skate footwear

• Anaheim termite control
• garden grove termite control
• westminster termite control
• buena park termite control
• huntington beach termite control
• yorba linda termite control
• Fullerton termite control
• santa ana termite control

See photos of Joe Dovinh around the 72nd Assembly District, learn more about what Joe Dovinh stands for and see who endorses Joe Dovinh.

They have the best iphone battery case around. I bought a hawaiian shoes and sandals for my new wife.

Kevin Carr

Kevin Carr - Ballot Statement

See photos of Kevin Carr around the City of Stanton, learn more about what Kevin Carr stands for and see who endorses Kevin Carr.
http://www.kevincarrforcouncil.com/endorsements2008.asp

Kevin Carr, Quiksilver, Inc., Huntington Beach, CA - Business Contact Information in Jigsaw's business directory. Jigsaw's business directory provides...

Kevin Carr, Quiksilver, Inc., Huntington Beach, CA - Business Contact Information in Jigsaw's business directory. Jigsaw's business directory provides...

Orange County, California Area - MBA, 17 Years Internet Marketing Experience - eCommerce Marketing Manager at La Jolla Group - All Sport - Citi Residential Lending
View Kevin Carr professional profile on LinkedIn. ...Campaign tracking and measurement, created online communities for Kevin Carr.com, Roxy.com and

Kevin Carr anaheim " Board shorts Quiksilver Roxy Billabong Hurley Volcom Lost surf clothing " surf apparel " surfing clothing bathing suits...

Kevin Carr February 24th. Movie poster shirts are awesome! I love the movie/brand combo! Hunter Jones February 26th...

Kevincarr.com: Kevin Carr Kevin Carr : Surfing Clothing, boardshorts, shirts, board shorts clothing from Quiksilver, Billabong, Volcom, Hurley

View Kevin Carr's professional profile on LinkedIn. ... 17 Years Internet Marketing Experience - eCommerce Marketing Manager at La Jolla Group - All Sport

The power bank can be found here Kevin Carr Senate District 29 and it is best to buy two. Power banks became famous because of the people's demand.


Sandals are an open type of footwear, consisting of a sole held to the wearer's foot by straps passing over the instep and, sometimes, around the ankle. Found the girl's hawaiian sandals on the stock video website. It�s a combination of premium materials and contoured shapes that form the structure ofsandals hawaiianI bought shoes honolulu and hawaiian Sandal from Orange County plumber directly. California AB5 Law

The modern flip-flop has a very simple design, consisting of a thin rubber sole with two straps running in a Y shape from the sides of the foot to the gap between the big toe and the one beside it. We went to the mens leather Sandals sale and bought lilly101 shoes and sandals. It�s a combination of premium materials and contoured shapes that form the structure ofsandals hawaiian California AB5 Law We purchased arch support sandals and more get paid to walk from the Orange County plumber website.

Who's also event coordinator for the Kevin Carr anaheim. ..... Kevin Carr 105. Cody Kellogg 89. Victor Cesena 89

Outside Magazine details: kevin carr stanton met with the crew... Vegas race was "off the hook" ... the Rusty crew at the Kevin Carr the best of luck with the Rusty"

Kevin, former Senior Vice President of Marketing for Blue Nile, now joins doxo as Vice ..... Erik Forsell , formerly VP of Brand Development at kevin carrKevin Carr...

See the list of those that endorse Kevin Carr anaheim for StantonCouncil... Help support Kevin Carr anaheim, and the issues he stands for, with a contribution to the. ...

Apr 5, 2011 " "Door hinge." The first message came from Kevin Carr of Stanton. The second came from a familiar source: My sista href="http://www.hotfrog.com/Companies/Kevin-Carr">Kevin Carr around the City of Stanton Sales Tax, learn more about what Kevin Carr stands for and see who endorses Kevin Carr anaheim

title www.kevincarrforcouncil.com: Kevin Carr anaheim : Kevin Carr anaheimCouncil Candidate 2008; robotview www.kevincarrforcouncil.com: Learn More. ...

In addition to some pithy but non-repeatable commentary about the paucity of women in Stan Oftelie 's "Nothing Rhymes With Orange," his new history O.C. history for third-graders, came two messages from people who did find something that rhymes with orange. "Door hinge."
The first message came from Kevin Carrof Stanton.

View the profiles of professionals on LinkedIn named Kevin Carr located in the ... International Webmaster at Quiksilver, Inc., Webmaster/Web Developer at...

Kevin Carr Kevin Carr stanton. School Board Member Jerry Kong, School Board Trustee Sergio Contreras and Kevin Carr. kevin carr city of stanton

Kevin Carr 10401 Yana Dr. Stanton, CA 90680. Kevin Carr is the most qualified canidate for the City Of Stanton Living in Orange County California Kevin Carr

SoCal Exterminators - 

Termite Pest Control